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August Willich (November 19, 1810 – January 22, 1878), born Johann August Ernst von Willich, was a military officer in the Prussian Army and a leading early proponent of communism in Germany. In 1847 he discarded his title of nobility. He later immigrated to the United States and became a general in the Union Army during the American Civil War. ==Early life and career== Willich was born in Braunsberg, Province of East Prussia. His father, a captain of hussars during the Napoleonic Wars,〔Faust, page 555.〕 died when Willich was three years old. With an elder brother, Willich found a home in the family of Friedrich Schleiermacher, a theologian, whose wife was a distant relative. He received a military education at Potsdam and Berlin. Initially an artillery officer in the Prussian military (1. Westfälisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 7),〔:de:1. Westfälisches Feldartillerie-Regiment Nr. 7〕 he resigned from the army in 1846 as a convinced republican. Willich was not the only republican emerging from that regiment. One of his fellow officers in Münster and Wesel was Fritz Anneke, who also was to become a revolutionary commander in Palatinate 1849 and later a commander in the Union Army. Willich tendered his resignation from the army in a letter written in such terms that, instead of its being accepted, he was arrested and tried by a court-martial. He was acquitted and was permitted to resign.〔 With Schapper, he was the leader of the ''left'' fraction of the Communist League. He took an active part in the Revolutions of 1848–49. In 1849, he was leader of a Free Corps in the Baden-Palatinate uprising. Revolutionary thinker Friedrich Engels served as his aide-de-camp. Among his revolutionary friends were Franz Sigel, Friedrich Hecker, Louis Blenker, and Carl Schurz. After the suppression of the uprising, he emigrated to London via Switzerland. He had learned the trade of a carpenter while in England, and so earned his livelihood.〔 In 1850, when the League of Communists split, he (together with Schapper) was leader of the anti-Karl Marx grouping. In London, Willich became an associate of the French revolutionary and political exile Emmanuel Barthélemy. According to Wilhelm Liebknecht, Willich and Bartholemy plotted to kill Karl Marx for being too conservative. Willich publicly insulted Marx and challenged him to a duel, which Marx refused to fight.〔 Instead Willich was challenged by a young associate of Marx, Conrad Schramm. The pistol duel was fought in Belgium with Bartholemy acting as Willich's second; Schramm was wounded but survived the encounter. Bartholemy was hanged in London in 1855 after shooting and killing his employer and another man.〔Biographical note in the ''Collected Works of Karl Marx and Frederick Engels: Volume 10'' (New York: International Publishers, 1978) p. 711.〕 Coming to the United States in 1853, Willich first found employment at his trade in the Brooklyn Navy Yard. Here his attainments in mathematics and other scientific studies were soon discovered, and he found more congenial work in the coastal survey. In 1858, he was induced to go to Cincinnati as editor of the ''German Republican'', a German-language free labor newspaper, which he continued until the opening of the Civil War in 1861.〔 Willich became known as one of the "Ohio Hegelians" (followers of German philosopher Georg Wilhelm Friedrich Hegel), along with John Bernhard Stallo, Moncure Daniel Conway, and Peter Kaufmann. 抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』 ■ウィキペディアで「August Willich」の詳細全文を読む スポンサード リンク
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